Sunday, 11 March 2012

Etiology

Etiology (Origin of HIV)

There is evidence that HIV originated from Africa

After HIV was first identified by the Centre for Disease Control in the United States, evidence emerged that indicated the HIV virus originated from monkeys in sub-Saharan Africa. HIV arises from the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which shares significant genetic similarities to HIV and has only been found on the African continent1.

There are 2 different strains of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2.

HIV-1 StrainsThe different strains of HIV differ in their genetic makeup. HIV-1 is more common and more lethal - it accounts for about 95% of infections world-wide19. HIV-2 is rare is mainly found in West Africa - it also has a slower progession than HIV-119. The most common form of HIV world-wide is HIV1-M. The most common form of HIV in North America is HIV1-B.

Different strains of HIV can mix to create new hybrids.

Co-infection with two or more different strains of HIV in an individual can occur which increases the likelihood of creating hybrids called circulating recombinant forms (CRFs).

Question 2: If two individuals are both HIV positive, do they need to use protection?
  1. No, since they are both HIV positive, they cannot be infected again.
  2. Yes, if they have different strains of HIV, co-infection may result in CRFs and can change the efficacy of HAART.
  3. Yes, contact with infected bodily fluids will increase the viral load of a person already infected with HIV.
  4. Both B and C.
HIV is a retrovirus, containing RNA, as opposed to carrying genetic information in the form of DNA. It primarily infects the CD4+ Th cells, but also attacks macrophages and central nervous system cells. Early on in the infection, the virus invades and multiplies in the lymphoid tissue which acts as a reservoir for infection. HIV uses various viral enzymes to help it attack the Th cells. Reverse transcriptase is used to convert RNA to new double-stranded DNA. Integrase is used to insert this DNA into the genetic material of the infected Th cell. Protease is used to facilitate the production of new virions. The course of HIV/AIDS is summarized in the following figure:

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2 comments:

  1. Conley Tiffany21 October 2018 at 08:07

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  2. Diego25 September 2020 at 03:37

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